Dlaczego Lincoln? Może dlatego,
że mamy w Bielawie amerykańską firmę Lincolna? Nie! Tym razem Lincolna Abrahama
wywołał u mnie nasz burmistrz Ryszard Dźwiniel w swoim apelu do Szanownych Mieszkańców
Bielawy w ulotce, która przed drugą turą wyborów na burmistrza Bielawy w 2010
roku trafiła „pod strzechy” w naszym mieście. Dramatyczny apel i prośba o udział i poparcie w wyborach 5 grudnia
został podparty cytatem, właśnie, z Lincolna. To pierwszy raz od dwunastu lat
Bielawianie nie okazali swojemu burmistrzowi zdecydowanego poparcia i nie
wybrali go od razu w pierwszej turze. Świadczyło to o tym, że mieszkańcy
naszego miasta Dźwiniela mieli już raczej dość.
I
wtedy zapewne wizażyści Ryszarda Dźwiniela wpadli na pomysł, aby podeprzeć się
dumą, jaka jest udziałem tego ogromnego i dumnego kraju - USA.
To piękne, gdy człowiek jest dumny ze swojego miasta, lecz jeszcze
piękniej, gdy miasto może być z niego dumne. ( Abraham Lincoln).
Ja
to zrozumiałem, że pan Dźwiniel, jako człowiek, jest dumny ze swojego miasta
Bielawy - i to jest piękne, ale jest jeszcze piękniej, gdy miasto Bielawa jest
dumne z pana Dźwiniela.
Pan
Dźwiniel ostatecznie wygrał II turę wyborów 5 grudnia 2010 roku przewagą
zaledwie około 90 głosów, co raczej nie powinno napawać dumą ani pana Dźwiniela
ani miasta. I mam nadzieję, że to była ostatnia wygrana pana Dźwiniela w
wyborach samorządowych w Bielawie.
Do
tego wątku będę jeszcze wielokrotnie wracał, gdyż kolejne wybory już niedługo i
myślę, że dumne miasto Bielawa otrząśnie się wreszcie z marazmu i pana
Dźwiniela umieści już tylko w niechlubnej pamięci.
Poniżej
przytaczam życiorys wywołanego prezydenta Abrahama Lincolna do poczytania z
nadzieją, że gdyby, co nie daj Boże, pan Dźwiniel chciał wystartować w
następnych wyborach samorządowych, przedstawi wyborcom swój życiorys, z
zaznaczeniem w szczególności:
- gdzie pobierał nauki i jakie
ukończył szkoły,
- jaki był jego stosunek do
znienawidzonej PZPR,
- czy popierał „Solidarność” jako
szansę na zmiany demokratyczne w Polsce,
- co zrobił, żeby uratować
przemysł w Bielawie,
- i co tak naprawdę pożytecznego dla Bielawy zrobił przez cztery kadencje
rządzenia?
Synopsis
Abraham Lincoln is regarded as one of America's
greatest heroes due to both his incredible impact on the nation and his unique
appeal. His is a remarkable story of the rise from humble beginnings to achieve
the highest office in the land; then, a sudden and tragic death at a time when
his country needed him most to complete the great task remaining before the
nation. Lincoln's distinctively human and humane personality and historical
role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that
endures. His eloquence of democracy and his insistence that the Union was worth
saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve.
Childhood
Abraham Lincoln was born in a log
cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln.
Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of
prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other
children: Abraham's older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in
infancy. Due to a land dispute, the Lincolns were forced to move from Kentucky
to Perry County, Indiana in 1817, where the family "squatted" on
public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming
a small plot. Thomas was eventually able to buy the land.
When
young Abraham was 9 years old his mother died of tremetol (milk sickness) at age
34 and the event was devastating on him. The 9-year-old Abraham grew more
alienated from his father and quietly resented the hard work placed on him at
an early age. A few months after Nancy's death, Thomas married Sarah Bush
Johnston, a Kentucky widow with three children of her own. She was a strong and
affectionate woman with whom Abraham quickly bonded. Though both his parents
were most likely illiterate, Sarah encouraged Abraham to read. It was while
growing into manhood that he received his formal education—an estimated total
of 18 months—a few days or weeks at a time. Reading material was in short
supply in the Indiana wilderness. Neighbors recalled how Abraham would walk for
miles to borrow a book. He undoubtedly read the family Bible and probably other
popular books at that time such as Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrims Progress and Aesop’s Fables.
Law Career
·
In March, 1830, the family again migrated, this time
to Macon County, Illinois. When his father moved the family again to Coles
County, 22-year-old Abraham Lincoln struck out on this own, making a living in
manual labor. At six feet four inches tall, Lincoln was rawboned and
lanky, but muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods twang and
walked with a long-striding gait. He was known for his skill in wielding an ax
and early on made a living splitting wood for fire and rail fencing. Young
Lincoln eventually migrated to the small community of New Salem, Illinois where
over a period of years he worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster, and eventually
general store owner. It was here that Lincoln, working with the public,
acquired social skills and honed story-telling talent that made him popular
with the locals.
When
the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832 between the United States and Native Americans,
the volunteers in the area elected Lincoln to be their captain. He saw no
combat during this time, save for "a good many bloody struggles with the
mosquitoes," but was able to make several important political connections.
Abraham
Lincoln began his political career and was elected to the Illinois state
legislature in 1834 as a member of the Whig Party. He supported the Whig
politics of government-sponsored infrastructure and protective tariffs. This
political understanding led him to formulate his early views on slavery, not so
much as a moral wrong, but as an impediment to economic development. It was
around this time that he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law
by reading William Blackstone's Commentaries
on the Laws of England. After being admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved
to Springfield, Illinois and began to practice in the John T. Stuart law firm.
It was soon after this that he
purportedly met and became romantically involved with Anne Rutledge. Before
they had a chance to be engaged, a wave of typhoid fever came over New Salem
and Anne died at age 22. Her death was said to have left Lincoln severely
depressed. However, several historians disagree on the extent of Lincoln’s
relationship with Rutledge and his level of sorrow at her death may be more the
makings of legend.
In 1844, Abraham Lincoln
partnered with William Herndon in the practice of law. Though the two had
different jurisprudent styles, they developed a close professional and personal
relationship. Lincoln made a good living in his early years as a lawyer, but
found that Springfield alone didn't offer enough work, so to supplement his income,
he followed the court as it made its rounds on the circuit to the various
county seats in Illinois.
Entering Politics
Abraham
Lincoln served a single term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1847 to
1849. His foray into national politics seems to be as unremarkable as it was
brief. He was the lone Whig from the state of Illinois, showing party loyalty,
but finding few political allies. He used his term in office to speak out
against the Mexican-American War and supported Zachary Taylor for president in 1848. His criticism of the war made him unpopular back
home and he decided not to run for second term, but instead returned
Springfield to practice law.
By the 1850s, the railroad
industry was moving west and Illinois found itself becoming a major hub for
various companies. Abraham Lincoln served as a lobbyist for the Illinois
Central Railroad as its company attorney. Success in several court cases
brought other business clients as well—banks, insurance companies and
manufacturing firms. Lincoln also did some criminal trials. In one case, a
witness claimed that he could identify Lincoln's client who was accused of
murder, because of the intense light from a full moon. Lincoln referred to an
almanac and proved that the night in question had been too dark for the witness
to see anything clearly.
His client was acquitted.
About a year after the death of
Anne Rutledge, Lincoln courted Mary Owens. The two saw each other for a few
months and marriage was considered. But in time Lincoln called off the match.
In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, a high spirited, well educated
woman from a distinguished Kentucky family. In the beginning, many of the
couple's friends and family couldn't understand Mary’s attraction, and at times
Lincoln questioned it himself. However, in 1841, the engagement was suddenly
broken off, most likely at Lincoln's initiative. They met later, at a social
function and eventually married on November 4, 1842. The couple had four
children, of which only one, Robert, survived to adulthood.
Elected President
In 1854, Congress passed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, and allowed
individual states and territories to decide for themselves whether to allow
slavery. The law provoked violent opposition in Kansas and Illinois. And it
gave rise to the Republican Party. This awakened Abraham Lincoln's political
zeal once again, and his views on slavery moved more toward moral indignation.
Lincoln joined the Republican Party in 1856.
In 1857, the Supreme Court issued
its controversial decision Scott v. Sanford, declaring African Americans were
not citizens and had no inherent rights. Though Abraham Lincoln felt African
Americans were not equal to whites, he believed the America's founders intended
that all men were created with certain inalienable rights. Lincoln decided to
challenge sitting U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas for his seat. In his nomination
acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and President
Buchanan for promoting slavery and declared "a house divided cannot
stand."
The 1858 Senate campaign featured
seven debates held in different cities all over Illinois. The two candidates
didn't disappoint the public, giving stirring debates on issues ranging from
states' rights to western expansion, but the central issue in all the debates
was slavery. Newspapers intensely covered the debates, often times with
partisan editing and interpretation. In the end, the state legislature elected
Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national politics.
In
1860, political operatives in Illinois organized a campaign to support Lincoln
for the presidency. On May 18th at the Republican National Convention in
Chicago, Abraham Lincoln surpassed better known candidates such as William Seward of New York andSalmon
P. Chase of Ohio. Lincoln's
nomination was due in part to his moderate views on slavery, his support for
improving the national infrastructure, and the protective tariff. In the
general election, Lincoln faced his friend and rival, Stephan Douglas, this
time besting him in a four-way race that included John C. Breckinridge of the
Northern Democrats and John
Bell of the Constitution
Party. Lincoln received not quite 40 percent of the popular vote, but carried
180 of 303 Electoral votes.
Abraham
Lincoln selected a strong cabinet composed of many of his political rivals,
including William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward
Bates and Edwin
Stanton.
Formed out the adage "Hold
your friends close and your enemies closer," Lincoln's Cabinet became one
of his strongest assets in his first term in office… and he would need them.
Before his inauguration in March, 1861, seven Southern states had seceded from
the Union and by April the U.S. military installation Fort Sumter, was under
siege in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. In the early morning hours of April
12, 1861, the guns stationed to protect the harbor blazed toward the fort
signaling the start of America’s costliest and most deadly conflict.
Civil War
Abraham Lincoln responded to the
crisis wielding powers as no other present before him. He distributed $2
million from the Treasury for war material without an appropriation from
Congress; he called for 75,000 volunteers into military service without a
declaration of war; and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus, arresting and
imprisoning suspected Confederate sympathizers without a warrant. Crushing the
rebellion would be difficult under any circumstances, but the Civil War, with
its preceding decades of white-hot partisan politics, was especially onerous.
From all directions, Lincoln faced disparagement and defiance. He was often at
odds with his generals, his Cabinet, his party and a majority of the American
people.
The Union Army's first year and a
half of battlefield defeats made it especially difficult to keep morale up and
support strong for a reunification the nation. With the hopeful, but by no
means conclusive Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862, Abraham felt
confident enough to reshape the cause of the war from "union" to
abolishing slavery. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863,
which stated that all individuals who were held as slaves "henceforward
shall be free."
Gradually,
the war effort improved for the North, though more by attrition then by
brilliant military victories. But by 1864, the Confederacy had hunkered down to
a guerilla war and Lincoln was convinced he'd be a one-term president. His
nemesis, George B. McClellan, the former commander of the Army of the Potomac,
challenged him for the presidency, but the contest wasn't even close. Lincoln
received 55 percent of the popular vote and 212 of 243 Electoral votes. On
April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the
Army of Virginia, surrendered his forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant and the war for all intents and purposes was over.
Assassination
Reconstruction
began during the war as early as 1863 in areas firmly under Union military
control. Abraham Lincoln favored a policy of quick reunification with a minimum
of retribution. But he was confronted by a radical group of Republicans in the
Senate and House that wanted complete allegiance and repentance from former
Confederates. Before a political battle had a chance to firmly develop, Lincoln
was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate
sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. Lincoln was taken from the theater
to a Petersen House across the street and laid in a coma for nine hours before
dying the next morning. His body lay in state at the Capitol before a funeral
train took him back to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois.
·
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